Following infection of grapevine by BN and FD phytoplasmas, an ADH-P class alcohol dehydrogenase gene was up-regulated, possibly triggered by intensified hypoxic conditions in phloem tissues resulting from the inhibition of photosynthesis and a subsequent switch to fermentative metabolism with alcohol dehydrogenase generating NAD+ and ATP [8,10]. The gene discussed is AKR1A1; the disease is infection.