TNF and infection: A recent meta-analysis reported that the highest risk of serious infections was associated with combination therapy (anti-TNF plus immunomodulators) and the lowest risk was associated with immunomodulator monotherapy (combination therapy vs. anti-TNF alone: RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03–1.37; anti-TNF vs. immunomodulators: RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.19–2.27) [39].