INS and Insulin resistance: Fourth, regarding insulin-resistance- (HOMA-) index, indices were tendentially lower both in the RYGB group compared to sham (14.4 ± 8.6 (RYGB) to 31.0 ± 16.4 (sham); average insulin: 33.3 ± 17.1 μIU/mL (RYGB) and 55.5 ± 27.5 μIU/mL (sham); average glucose: 11.9 ± 1.6 mmol/L (RYGB) and 12.8 ± 2.0 mmol/L (sham)).