Surpassingly, in the NSCLC patients in the present study, higher CCR7 and CCL19 expression levels were observed in non-smokers than in smokers; indeed, cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was found to suppress CCR7 expression on DCs in the lungs of smokers, but not diminish their migration towards a CCR7 ligand [28]. Here, CCR7 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.