Even though a link between calcium, NFAT, and AML-cell-related T lymphocyte exhaustion has been discovered, further studies are required to understand why cancer cells express PD-L1 at different levels and to better characterize the other T lymphocyte inhibitory pathways mentioned above, such as the CTLA-4/CD80/CD86 and TIM-3/Galectin-9 pathways, whose actions in antitumor activity could also be enhanced by finding an upstream target to inhibit [148]. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and cancer.