A subsequent study demonstrated the role of the Ki-Ras/ISG15-axis in the malignant transformation of breast cancer cells, i.e., oncogenic Ki-Ras regulates the expression of the ISG15 pathway, and ISG15, in turn, stabilizes Ki-Ras protein by inhibiting its targeted degradation via lysosomes in breast cancer cells [157]. Here, ISG15 is linked to breast carcinoma.