TNF and ischemia: Furthermore, it has been shown that in the ischemia model, the Ki20227 treatment polarized microglia toward the M1 phenotype, accompanied by increased concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF, and oxidative mediators [81], whereas the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as TGF-β, and antioxidant factors were decreased.