However, when we surveyed these proteins in the list of 345 proteins upregulated in the 103 ccRCC samples compared with NAT samples (log2 fold-change > 1; Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted p < 0.05) from the CPTAC study [23], none of these known VHL substrates were on the list. Here, VHL is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.