Additionally, CCA cells (Mz-ChA-1) exposed to MC supernatants enhanced gene transcripts of matrix metalloprotease (MMP) -2, -3 and -9, as well as VIMENTIN, PAXILLIN and S100A4. Thus, it was demonstrated that MCs have the ability of providing a permissive environment for CCA cell growth. This evidence concerns the gene S100A4 and cholangiocarcinoma.