Nanobodies, known for their flexible and scalable format, their robustness, and their affinity for their targets in the nanomolar ranges, have also been devised toward CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL12 [150], thus providing promising tools for the targeted modulation of cancer cell proliferation, survival, invasiveness, and metastasis in oncovirus-associated cancers. Here, CCL5 is linked to cancer.