Moreover, enhanced invasion on Matrigel in PDK1-expressing Comma-1 D mouse mammary epithelial cells (Comma/PDK1 cells, which produced invasive adenocarcinomas in mammary fat pad isografts) was confirmed and accompanied by increased MMP-2 activity resulting from stabilization against proteasomal degradation, as well as accompanied by elevated levels of MT1-MMP; this, in turn, generated active MMP-2 and modulated the ECM proteins decorin and collagen. Here, PDK1 is linked to adenocarcinoma.