AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Urine samples were collected, urine DNA was isolated/underwent bisulfite treatment, and qPCR was performed to quantify the expression of TP53 249T mutation (TP53m), aberrant promoter methylation of GSTP1 (mGSTP1), and RASSF1A (mRASSF1A). Urine DNA markers were compared to standard diagnostic methods (alpha-fetoprotein [AFP], MRI) for diagnosis of HCC recurrence.