AFP and neoplasm: Cai et al. (2019) discovered that using target sequencing and low-coverage whole-genome sequencing, ctDNA detection (copy number variants (NV)/single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP))can discover tumor occurrence before MRI imaging by a median of 4.6 months, can outperform other clinical biomarkers such as AFP, AFP-L3%, and des-gamma carboxy prothrombin DCP), and predict patients’ prognostic outcomes for both relapse-free survival (p = 0.001) and overall survival (p = 0.001) [105].