Romano et al. showed that 5-FU treatment of CRC models upregulated the TGF-β pathway through the activation of SMAD3 and the transcription of specific genes, such as ACVRL1, FN1 and TGFB1, and that drug sensitivity can be restored by specific inhibition of TGF-β signaling [104]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and colorectal carcinoma.