MAPK3 and neoplasm: To further confirm Kindlin-2 involvement in mammary epithelial cells to regulate tumor growth, we isolated mammary epithelial cells from wild-type or K2-deficient mice and treated them with either TGF-β (Figure 6B) or EGF (Figure 6C), and subsequently measured their activation of either SMAD3 (Figure 6B) or ERK1/2 (Figure 6C), respectively.