In in vitro models, Pan et al. demonstrated that invasion and metastasis of oesophageal cancers correlated with enhanced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), upregulation of SphK1, and upregulation of EREG (epiregulin) and AREG (amphiregulin), which preceded tumour invasion [114]. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and carcinoma of esophagus.