For example, Jayaprakash et al. (2018) showed that in preclinical prostate cancer, hypoxic zones resisted T-cell infiltration even in the context of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) blockade. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and Familial prostate cancer.