BMAL1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Further, obesity induced by a long-term high-fat diet was shown to increase the expression levels of core clock genes Bmal1, Dbp, and CK1ε in mouse livers and Bmal1, Clock, Per1/2/3, Cry1/2, Dbp, and CK1ε in the kidneys (Hsieh et al., 2010).