Specifically, the necrotic or apoptotic tumour cells within the primary tumour after intralesional RB administration could serve as in situ vaccines, which would convert a “cold” TME to a “hot” (immunogenic) TME [44, 45] and facilitate the activation of host antitumour immunity by ecto-CRT in the tumour cells or CSCs and by promoting the DC maturation. This evidence concerns the gene CALR and neoplasm.