INS and neoplasm: Adenine was a key purine nucleobase in nucleic acids, and its derivatives regulated various physiological processes such as energy metabolism (Frenguelli and Dale, 2020), tumor microenvironment (Alvarez et al., 2021), brain injury (Frenguelli and Dale, 2020), and insulin secretion of β cells and adipogenesis (Nicholls, 2016).