A similar conclusion has been reached in human cancers through demonstrations that 1) ARF is capable of suppressing tumor progression in the absence of active p53; and 2) loss of ARF often synergizes with dysregulated p53 to promote tumorigenesis (Eymin et al., 2003; Sandoval et al., 2004; Muniz et al., 2011; Forys et al., 2014). Here, TP53 is linked to cancer.