APOC3 and aortic valve stenosis: Capoulade et al., (2020) found that the ApoC-III immunostaining was positive in patients with pathological grade 1–4 aortic lobules. Furthermore, the ApoCIII-Lp(a) complex has been found to exist in all aortic valve stenosis patients, and the risk of AVR associated with cardiac death was significantly increased in patients in the highest quartile for apoCIII-Lp(a) and Lp(a) (Capoulade et al., 2020).