HMGB1 and neoplasm: In the current study, intriguingly there is an increase in both DAMPS, calreticulin and HMGB1 in all three compartments in the immediate post-operative period, which would suggest an anti-tumour response however, paradoxically in a study on patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery, increased plasma levels of DAMPs were associated with immune suppression and postoperative infections in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery (32, 33).