In the tumor microenvironment (TME), the differentiation and amplification of MDSCs is mediated by a variety of molecules, such as: granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor, granulocyte colony–stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony–stimulating factor, stem cell factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (21–23). This evidence concerns the gene CSF3 and neoplasm.