TNF and influenza: We also conducted multiplex measurement on cytokines and chemokines at day 7 p.i. in lung tissues using Luminex 200, and similarly, we found significantly higher production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, MCP-1, IP-10, and IFN-γ caused by influenza infection on day 7 p.i. (Figures 5A–H).