Severe IRAEs are have been reported in up to 16.3% of melanoma patients and 10% of non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with nivolumab (anti-PD-1) (97, 106, 107, 109, 110), 10.1-14.7% of melanoma patients and 9.5-26.6% of non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) (28, 101–104), and 11-15% of non-small-cell lung cancer or metastatic urothelial cancer patients with atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) (105, 111, 112). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.