CXCL8 and clostridium difficile infection: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (previously known as Lactobacillus rhamnosus) was shown to prevent cytokine-induced apoptosis in several intestinal epithelial cell models (Yan and Polk, 2002), whereas L. rhamnosus L34 and L. casei L39 were demonstrated to modulate CDI-mediated inflammation by decreasing IL-8 expression and the inactivation of NF-κB (Boonma et al., 2014).