TARS3 and infection: As shown in Figure 1A, 14 aaRSs (MARS2, TARS3, LARS2, AARS2, RARS2, SARS2, PARS2, EARS2, HARS2, DARS2, FARS2, NARS2, YARS2, and VARS2) (mean Z = −2.14), 2 aaRSs (PARS2 and EARS2) (mean Z = −2.21), and 4 aaRSs (VARS2, SARS2, PARS2, and EARS2) (mean Z = −2.44) showed significant negative Z scores upon infections of SARS-CoV-2, HKU5-SARS-CoV-1-S, and MERS-CoV, respectively, suggesting that these aaRSs play putative anti-viral roles during viral infection.