Examples include prostate cancer screening based on Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), lung cancer screening based on smoking behavior and breast cancer screening based on nodule size, for all of which model consortia exist within the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) (Gulati et al., 2011; Alagoz et al., 2018; Criss et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and breast carcinoma.