INS and Insulin resistance: This study demonstrated that 1) TLB, a naturally occurring food additive, effectively mitigated the high glucose level of KK-Ay mice; 2) TLB not only effectively alleviated insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorder but also enhanced antioxidant capacity in KK-Ay mice; and 3) the anti-T2DM effect of TLB was, at least partly, via mediating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and insulin signaling transduction pathway (Figure 9).