Increased levels of long-chain AcCa have been associated with cardiovascular disease risk, heart failure, and left ventricle remodeling and function proportional to disease stage and severity (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21), phenotypes similar to those observed in the current study of Chkb-deficient mice. The gene discussed is CHKB; the disease is heart failure.