We thus examined phosphorylation of ASK1 (Thr-845) and found that it was significantly increased in the BO group (Control (n = 4) vs. BO (n = 4); 1.0 ± 0.3 vs. 2.6 ± 1.4, P < 0.05 vs. Control). The gene discussed is MAP3K5; the disease is bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.