The study found that by inhibiting the production of active TGF-β1 and Smad signaling, aerosol inhalation of HTPEP-001 effectively blocked the fibrosis process in the rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and there were no obvious adverse events related to immunological or histological changes [125]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.