ERN1 and malignant colon neoplasm: In addition, the genetic ablation of Ire1a in intestinal epithelia-specific Ire1a-knockout mice (Li et al., 2017) and the mammary gland-specific knockout of Perk in mammary tumor-prone MMTV-Neu mice (Bobrovnikova-Marjon et al., 2010) reduce cancer growth and initiation, respectively, and the expression of PERK has been linked to chemoresistance in colon cancer cells and in subcutaneous xenograft models of colon cancer in NOD/SCID mice (Shi et al., 2019).