However, human homologues of these proteins, such as chaperone protein DnaK (Hsp70), enolase (ENO), elongation factor TU (EFTU), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), are involved during HIV-1 infection (Cimarelli and Luban, 1999; Kumar et al., 2011; Kishimoto et al., 2012; Li et al., 2015; Kishimoto et al., 2020). Here, GAPDH is linked to HIV-1 infection.