In particular, agents targeting the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) axis, as well as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), have been used clinically now across BrM from a number of primary disease indications and have been approved for use in melanoma and NSCLC (104, 105). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.