CXCL8 and cancer: The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα possess tumor-promoting functions and increased tissue levels are associated with many types of cancer (Gambichler et al., 2006; Lin and Karin, 2007; Lederle et al., 2011; Moussai et al., 2011; Ghahartars et al., 2021).