Adjusting for maternal and neonatal characteristics including pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of hypertension, parity, cesarean section and gestational age at delivery (other covariates did not affect the comparisons, all P>0.2), cord plasma FGF19 (43.5 ± 28.2 versus 44.5 ± 30.2 pg/mL, P=0.38), proinsulin (22.3 ± 17.9 versus 19.3 ± 16.8 pmol/L, P=0.91) and C-peptide (264.3 ± 185.7 versus 269.3 ± 155.3 pmol/L, P=0.29) concentrations were similar in GDM and euglycemic pregnancies (Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene INS and gestational diabetes.