TNF and major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of blood cytokine network alteration comparison between Sch, BD, and MDD verified that levels of two cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α), one soluble cytokine receptor (sIL-2R), and one cytokine receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) were diversely increased in acutely ill patients with Sch, bipolar mania, and MDD compared with controls (24).