(Gousopoulos et al., 2017) Taken together, these findings suggest that the pathophysiology of lymphedema is more complex than a simple deficiency of VEGF-C (or other lymphangiogenic cytokines) and may explain why surgical interventions that decrease scarring or improve lymphatic function are necessary as adjuncts to exogenous VEGF-C delivery for optimal results. Here, VEGFC is linked to lymphedema.