(Kataru et al., 2011; Gardenier et al., 2017; Gousopoulos et al., 2017; Park et al., 2018) Anti-lymphangiogenic cytokines can directly decrease responsiveness of lymphatic endothelial cells to VEGF-C thus decreasing the efficacy of exogenous VEGF-C delivery for the treatment of lymphedema. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFC and lymphedema.