The rate of glucose appearance (Ra), which reflects hepatic glucose production from gluconeogenesis and/or glycogenolysis, was reduced 40% in SN-401-treated T2D KKAy mice at baseline (Basal, Fig. 4b), and further suppressed 75% during glucose/insulin infusion (Clamp, Fig. 4b), revealing SN-401 increases hepatic insulin sensitivity—similar to thiazolidinediones (TZD)42. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.