Studies have shown that ubiquitin- and deubiquitin-related genes have strong associations with IBD, for instance, a coding variant *333F in Clorf106 increases IBD risk [72]; a single-exon finger E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, RNF186 is associated with UC susceptibility [72], and the protein-truncating R179X variant in RNF186 exerts a protective effect against UC [73]. Here, RNF186 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.