In the absence of differences in hepatic Tnfα or Il-6 expression, P. gingivalis-induced insulin resistance in mice fed a CD may result from chronic low levels or intermittent exposure to intestinal inflammation or to the alteration of gut microbiota by P. gingivalis and the accompanying predicted reduced potential for fermentation and SCFA production based on the reduced abundance of SCFA producers observed here [56]. Here, TNF is linked to Insulin resistance.