ATO is known to alleviate APL primarily by promoting degradation of the PML-RARα fusion protein, whereas ATRA-induced differentiation involves transcriptional regulation mediated by retinoid signaling pathways (Geoffroy et al., 2010; Tatham et al., 2001; Tomita et al., 2013). The gene discussed is PML; the disease is acute promyelocytic leukemia.