In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, probiotic intervention with Bifidobacterium breve BR03 and B. breve B632 has shown a positive effect on decreasing the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in children with CeD on a gluten-free diet (36). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is cranioectodermal dysplasia.