CASP9 and Parkinsonism: In a study using Parkinson’s rat models, alkaloid showed the ability to block the release of apoptogenic factors (cytochrome-c, caspase 3, and caspase-9), maintained the ratio of antiapoptotic factor Bcl2 with proapoptogenic factor Bax, and depleted proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß, which were consistent with its antioxidant properties (Shrivastava et al., 2013).