IRAK1 and infection: To determine whether Lp-EVs and specifically the sRNA RsmY modulates the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) and the Toll-like (TLR) receptor signalling pathway of infected host cells we analyzed the levels of RIG-I and IRAK1 proteins after 8 h of infection of THP-1 cells with L. pneumophila wt or its isogenic rsmY mutant strain (∆rsmY).