On the other hand, Szulzewsky et al. reported that gliomas implanted in SPP1−/− mice grow more aggressively and result in shorter survival48, suggesting a complex and context-dependent function of SPP1. We detected potential SPP1-CD44 signaling among T cells/glioma and T cell/myeloid as well as myeloid/glioma cells (Fig. 5d and Supplementary Fig. 7d), and it will be important to elucidate the functional consequences of inhibiting the SPP1-CD44 (and other SPP1 involving signaling) axis in each cell type to fully understand its various functions in different cell types. Here, CD44 is linked to glioma.