On the other hand, Szulzewsky et al. reported that gliomas implanted in SPP1−/− mice grow more aggressively and result in shorter survival48, suggesting a complex and context-dependent function of SPP1. We detected potential SPP1-CD44 signaling among T cells/glioma and T cell/myeloid as well as myeloid/glioma cells (Fig. 5d and Supplementary Fig. 7d), and it will be important to elucidate the functional consequences of inhibiting the SPP1-CD44 (and other SPP1 involving signaling) axis in each cell type to fully understand its various functions in different cell types. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and central nervous system cancer.