In vivo results revealed that CTCE-p53 NPs treatment or aPD1 therapy alone inhibited HCC growth compared to IgG-treated control mice, but their combination was significantly more effective than either treatment alone (individual growth curves in Fig. 3c, mean tumor volumes in Fig. 3d, and mean tumor weight in Supplementary Fig. 19a). This evidence concerns the gene TP53 and hepatocellular carcinoma.