According to recent evidence, EVs produced by KLF2-modified ECs (KLF2-EVs) attenuate disease progression, especially in subjects with pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury and other diseases associated with vascular remodelling [13, 16, 18]. Here, KLF2 is linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension.