Indeed, there are several preclinical and clinical studies of ISV utilizing TLR9 agonists, IMO-2125 (B type), SD-101 (C type), MGN1703 (C type) and CMP-001 (D type), in combination with pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, or ipilimumab for melanoma, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer13,32–39. Here, TLR9 is linked to lung cancer.